Micron Document
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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">NeXTSTEP</span></span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Next_Step_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Next Step (disambiguation)">Next Step</a>.</div>
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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #e0e0e0;">NeXTSTEP</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption">NeXTSTEP <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> (<a href="4.3BSD-Tahoe" class="mw-redirect" title="4.3BSD-Tahoe">4.3BSD-Tahoe</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Historic as original code base for <a href="Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a>, which was the base for <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, which in turn was the base of <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>, <a href="WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a> and <a href="TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Closed_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed source">Closed source</a> with some <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> components</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">September&nbsp;18, 1989<span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1989-09-18</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.3 / 1995<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="dtend itvend">1995</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final preview</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.2 Pre-release 2 / September 1997</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Big_business" title="Big business">Enterprise</a>, <a href="Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Installer.app</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Supported platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68030/68040</a>, <a href="IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>, <a href="PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a> (<a href="Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a>, <a href="Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userland</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br>user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> <a href="EULA" class="mw-redirect" title="EULA">EULA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a>, <a href="Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>, <a href="WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a>, <a href="TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a>, <a href="GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">History and architecture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Architecture_of_macOS" title="Architecture of macOS">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">Version history</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_transition_to_Intel_processors" title="Mac transition to Intel processors">Transition to Intel processors</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_transition_to_Apple_silicon" title="Mac transition to Apple silicon">Transition to Apple silicon</a></li>
<li><a href="Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li>
<li><a href="Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a></li>
<li><a href="XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Versions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">Version history</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody (Developer Release)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Hera (Server 1.0)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Kodiak (Public Beta)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">Cheetah (10.0)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">Puma (10.1)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">Jaguar (10.2)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">Panther (10.3)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Tiger (10.4)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">Leopard (10.5)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">Snow Leopard (10.6)</a></li>
<li><a href="OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">Lion (10.7)</a></li>
<li><a href="OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">Mountain Lion (10.8)</a></li>
<li><a href="OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">Mavericks (10.9)</a></li>
<li><a href="OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">Yosemite (10.10)</a></li>
<li><a href="OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">El Capitan (10.11)</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">Sierra (10.12)</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">High Sierra (10.13)</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">Mojave (10.14)</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">Catalina (10.15)</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">Big Sur (11)</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">Monterey (12)</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">Ventura (13)</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">Sonoma (14)</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">Sequoia (15)</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Tahoe" title="MacOS Tahoe">Tahoe (26)</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">App Store</a></li>
<li><a href="Automator_(macOS)" title="Automator (macOS)">Automator</a></li>
<li><a href="Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Books</a></li>
<li><a href="Calculator_(Apple)" title="Calculator (Apple)">Calculator</a></li>
<li><a href="Calendar_(Apple)" title="Calendar (Apple)">Calendar</a></li>
<li><a href="Contacts_(Apple)" title="Contacts (Apple)">Contacts</a></li>
<li><a href="Dashboard_(macOS)" title="Dashboard (macOS)">Dashboard</a></li>
<li><a href="Dictionary_(software)" title="Dictionary (software)">Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li>
<li><a href="Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li>
<li><a href="Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li>
<li><a href="Grapher" title="Grapher">Grapher</a></li>
<li><a href="ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a><small>&nbsp;(<a href="History_of_iTunes" title="History of iTunes">history</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li>
<li><a href="Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li>
<li><a href="Music_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music (software)">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="Notes_(Apple)" title="Notes (Apple)">Notes</a></li>
<li><a href="Notification_Center" title="Notification Center">Notification Center</a></li>
<li><a href="Photo_Booth" title="Photo Booth">Photo Booth</a></li>
<li><a href="Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li>
<li><a href="Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li>
<li><a href="Preview_(macOS)" title="Preview (macOS)">Preview</a></li>
<li><a href="QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li>
<li><a href="Reminders_(Apple)" title="Reminders (Apple)">Reminders</a></li>
<li><a href="Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li>
<li><a href="Sherlock_(software)" title="Sherlock (software)">Sherlock</a></li>
<li><a href="Stickies_(Apple)" title="Stickies (Apple)">Stickies</a></li>
<li><a href="TextEdit" title="TextEdit">TextEdit</a></li>
<li><a href="Time_Machine_(macOS)" title="Time Machine (macOS)">Time Machine</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_built-in_macOS_apps" title="List of built-in macOS apps">List of built-in apps</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_Mac_software" title="List of Mac software">List of compatible software</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_Mac_games" title="List of Mac games">List of compatible games</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Utilities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Activity_Monitor_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity Monitor (macOS)">Activity Monitor</a></li>
<li><a href="AirPort_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="AirPort Utility">AirPort Utility</a></li>
<li><a href="Archive_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive Utility">Archive Utility</a></li>
<li><a href="Audio_MIDI_Setup" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio MIDI Setup">Audio MIDI Setup</a></li>
<li><a href="Bluetooth_File_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth File Exchange">Bluetooth File Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li>
<li><a href="Console_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Console (macOS)">Console</a></li>
<li><a href="Crash_Reporter_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crash Reporter (macOS)">Crash Reporter</a></li>
<li><a href="DigitalColor_Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="DigitalColor Meter">DigitalColor Meter</a></li>
<li><a href="Directory_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory Utility">Directory Utility</a></li>
<li><a href="DiskImageMounter" class="mw-redirect" title="DiskImageMounter">DiskImageMounter</a></li>
<li><a href="Disk_Utility" title="Disk Utility">Disk Utility</a></li>
<li><a href="Font_Book" title="Font Book">Font Book</a></li>
<li><a href="Grab_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grab (macOS)">Grab</a></li>
<li><a href="Apple_Help_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Help Viewer">Help Viewer</a></li>
<li><a href="Image_Capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Image Capture">Image Capture</a></li>
<li><a href="Installer_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Installer (macOS)">Installer</a></li>
<li><a href="Keychain_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Keychain Access">Keychain Access</a></li>
<li><a href="Migration_Assistant_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration Assistant (Apple)">Migration Assistant</a></li>
<li><a href="Network_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Utility">Network Utility</a></li>
<li><a href="ODBC_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC Administrator">ODBC Administrator</a></li>
<li><a href="Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Install Mac OS X">Remote Install Mac OS X</a></li>
<li><a href="System_Preferences" class="mw-redirect" title="System Preferences">System Preferences</a></li>
<li><a href="System_Information_(Mac_OS)" class="mw-redirect" title="System Information (Mac OS)">System Information</a></li>
<li><a href="Terminal_(macOS)" title="Terminal (macOS)">Terminal</a></li>
<li><a href="Universal_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Access">Universal Access</a></li>
<li><a href="VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related operating systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></li>
<li><a href="Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li>
<li><a href="Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<p><b>NeXTSTEP</b> is a discontinued <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multitasking</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> based on the <a href="Mach_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mach kernel">Mach kernel</a> and the <a href="UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a>-derived <a href="BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a>. It was developed by <a href="NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>, founded by <a href="Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>, in the late 1980s and early 1990s and was initially used for its range of proprietary <a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> computers such as the <a href="NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer">NeXT Computer</a>. It was later ported to several other <a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architectures</a>.
</p><p>Although relatively unsuccessful at the time, it attracted interest from computer scientists and researchers. It hosted the original development of the Electronic AppWrapper,<sup id="cite_ref-CT-AW3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-AW3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first commercial electronic software distribution catalog to collectively manage encryption and provide digital rights for <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> and <a href="Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital media</a>, a forerunner of the modern "<a href="App_store" title="App store">app store</a>" concept. It is the platform on which <a href="Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> created the first <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, and on which <a href="Id_Software" title="Id Software">id Software</a> developed the video games <i><a href="Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a></i> and <i><a href="Quake_(video_game)" title="Quake (video game)">Quake</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kHz0g_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kHz0g-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eZXqK_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eZXqK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1996, <a href="Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> acquired NeXT. Apple needed a successor to the <a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>, and merged NeXTSTEP and <a href="OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a> with the Macintosh user environment to create Mac OS X (later renamed <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>). All of Apple's subsequent platforms since <a href="IPhone_OS_1" title="IPhone OS 1">iPhone OS 1</a> were then based on Mac OS X.
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>
<p>NeXTSTEP (also stylized as <b>NeXTstep</b>, <b>NeXTStep</b>, and <b>NEXTSTEP</b><sup id="cite_ref-kevra_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kevra-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-confusion_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confusion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a combination of several parts:
</p>
<ul><li>a <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> operating system based on the <a href="Mach_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mach kernel">Mach kernel</a>, plus <a href="Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></li>
<li><a href="Display_PostScript" title="Display PostScript">Display PostScript</a> and a proprietary windowing engine</li>
<li>the <a href="Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> language and runtime</li>
<li>an <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> (OO) application layer, including several "kits"</li>
<li>development tools for the OO layers.</li></ul>
<p>NeXTSTEP is a preeminent implementation of the last three items. The toolkits are the canonical development system for all of the software on the system.
</p><p>It introduced the idea of the <a href="Dock_(macOS)" title="Dock (macOS)">Dock</a> (carried through <a href="OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a> and into <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>) and the <a href="Shelf_(computing)" title="Shelf (computing)">Shelf</a>. NeXTSTEP originated or innovated a large number of other <a href="GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a> concepts which became common in other operating systems: 3D chiseled widgets, large full-color <a href="Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">icons</a>, system-wide drag and drop of a wide range of objects beyond file icons, system-wide piped <a href="Services_menu" title="Services menu">services</a>, real-time scrolling and window dragging, properties dialog boxes called "inspectors", and window modification notices (such as the saved status of a file). The system is among the first general-purpose user interfaces to handle publishing color standards, transparency, sophisticated sound and music processing (through a <a href="Motorola_56000" title="Motorola 56000">Motorola 56000</a> <a href="Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">DSP</a>), advanced <a href="Graphics_primitives" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics primitives">graphics primitives</a>, internationalization, and modern <a href="Typography" title="Typography">typography</a>, in a consistent manner across all applications.
</p><p>Additional kits were added to the product line. These include Portable Distributed Objects (PDO), which allow easy <a href="Remote_invocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote invocation">remote invocation</a>, and <a href="Enterprise_Objects_Framework" title="Enterprise Objects Framework">Enterprise Objects Framework</a>, an <a href="Object-relational" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-relational">object-relational</a> <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> system. The kits made the system particularly interesting to custom application programmers, and NeXTSTEP had a long history in the financial programming domain.<sup id="cite_ref-kevra_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kevra-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<p>NeXTSTEP was built upon Mach and BSD, initially <a href="4.3BSD-Tahoe" class="mw-redirect" title="4.3BSD-Tahoe">4.3BSD-Tahoe</a>. A preview release of NeXTSTEP (version 0.8) was shown with the launch of the <a href="NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer">NeXT Computer</a> on October 12, 1988. The first full release, NeXTSTEP 1.0, shipped on September 18, 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-osxbook_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osxbook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was updated to <a href="4.3BSD-Reno" class="mw-redirect" title="4.3BSD-Reno">4.3BSD-Reno</a> in NeXTSTEP 3.0. The last version, 3.3, was released in early 1995, for the <a href="Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> <a href="68000_family" class="mw-redirect" title="68000 family">68000 family</a> based NeXT computers, <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a>, <a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a> <a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>, and <a href="HP_PA-RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="HP PA-RISC">HP PA-RISC</a>-based systems.
</p><p>NeXT separated the underlying operating system from the application frameworks, producing <a href="OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a>. OpenStep and its applications can run on multiple underlying operating systems, including OPENSTEP, <a href="Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>, and <a href="Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>. In 1997, it was updated to <a href="4.4BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="4.4BSD">4.4BSD</a> while assimilated into Apple's development of <a href="Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a> for x86 and PowerPC. NeXTSTEP's direct descendant is Apple's <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, which then yielded <a href="IPhone_OS_1" title="IPhone OS 1">iPhone OS 1</a>, <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>, <a href="WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a>, and <a href="TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>
<p>The first <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, <a href="WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a>, and the first <a href="App_store" title="App store">app store</a><sup id="cite_ref-3W36a_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3W36a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were all invented on the NeXTSTEP platform.
</p>
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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>1990 CERN: A Joint proposal for a hypertext system is presented to the management. Mike Sendall buys a NeXT cube for evaluation, and gives it to <a href="Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>. Tim's prototype implementation on NeXTSTEP is made in the space of a few months, thanks to the qualities of the NeXTSTEP software development system. This prototype offers WYSIWYG browsing/authoring! Current Web browsers used in "surfing the Internet" are mere passive windows, depriving the user of the possibility to contribute. During some sessions in the CERN cafeteria, Tim and I try to find a catching name for the system. I was determined that the name should not yet again be taken from Greek mythology. Tim proposes "World-Wide Web". I like this very much, except that it is difficult to pronounce in French...</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— <a href="Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a>, 2 November 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Ben_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div>
<p>Some features and <a href="Keyboard_shortcuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard shortcuts">keyboard shortcuts</a> now common to web browsers originated in NeXTSTEP conventions. The basic layout options of <a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> 1.0 and 2.0 are attributable to those features of NeXT's Text class.<sup id="cite_ref-EA2Zg_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA2Zg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Lighthouse_Design" title="Lighthouse Design">Lighthouse Design Ltd</a>. developed <i>Diagram!</i>,&nbsp;a drawing tool, originally called BLT (for Box-and-Line Tool) in which objects (boxes) are connected together using "smart links" (lines) to construct diagrams such a <a href="Flow_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow chart">flow charts</a>. This basic design can be enhanced by the simple addition of new links and new documents, located anywhere in the local area network, that foreshadowed Tim Berners-Lee's initial prototype that was written on NeXTSTEP in October–December 1990.
</p><p>In the 1990s, the pioneering PC games <i><a href="Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a></i>, <i><a href="Doom_II" title="Doom II">Doom II</a></i>, <i><a href="Quake_(video_game)" title="Quake (video game)">Quake</a></i>, and their respective level editors were <a href="Development_of_Doom#Programming" title="Development of Doom">developed</a> by <a href="Id_Software" title="Id Software">id Software</a> on NeXT machines. Other games based on the <a href="Doom_engine" title="Doom engine"><i>Doom</i> engine</a> such as <i><a href="Heretic_(video_game)" title="Heretic (video game)">Heretic</a></i> and its sequel <i><a href="Hexen%3A_Beyond_Heretic" title="Hexen: Beyond Heretic">Hexen</a></i> by <a href="Raven_Software" title="Raven Software">Raven Software</a>, and <i><a href="Strife_(1996_video_game)" title="Strife (1996 video game)">Strife</a></i> by <a href="Rogue_Entertainment" title="Rogue Entertainment">Rogue Entertainment</a> were developed on NeXT hardware using id's tools.<sup id="cite_ref-iQQWn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iQQWn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Altsys" title="Altsys">Altsys</a> made the NeXTSTEP application Virtuoso, version 2 of which was ported to Mac OS and Windows to become <a href="Macromedia_FreeHand" class="mw-redirect" title="Macromedia FreeHand">Macromedia FreeHand</a> version 4. The modern "Notebook" interface for <a href="Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a>, and the advanced spreadsheet <a href="Lotus_Improv" title="Lotus Improv">Lotus Improv</a>, were developed using NeXTSTEP. The software that controlled <a href="MCI_Communications" title="MCI Communications">MCI</a>'s Friends and Family calling plan program was developed using NeXTSTEP.<sup id="cite_ref-rnZlL_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnZlL-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mJqf8_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mJqf8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>About the time of the release of NeXTSTEP 3.2, NeXT partnered with <a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> to develop <a href="OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a>. It is the product of an effort to separate the underlying operating system from the higher-level object libraries to create a cross-platform object-oriented API standard derived from NeXTSTEP. <a href="OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a> was released for Sun's <a href="Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>, <a href="Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>, and NeXT's <a href="Mach_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mach kernel">Mach kernel</a>-based operating system. NeXT's implementation is called "OPENSTEP for Mach" and its first release (4.0) superseded NeXTSTEP 3.3 on NeXT, Sun, and Intel <a href="IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> systems.
</p><p>Following an announcement on December 20, 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-6Wesm_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6Wesm-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> acquired NeXT on February 4, 1997, for $429 million. Based upon the "<a href="OPENSTEP" class="mw-redirect" title="OPENSTEP">OPENSTEP</a> for Mach" operating system, and developing the OpenStep API to become <a href="Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a>, Apple created the basis of <a href="Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EVcL5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EVcL5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually of <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>, <a href="WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a>, and <a href="TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a>.
</p><p><a href="GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a> is a <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> implementation of the OpenStep standard.<sup id="cite_ref-GNUStep:_Introduction_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNUStep:_Introduction-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release_history">Release history</h2></div>
<table class="wikitable">

<tbody><tr>
<th>Version
</th>
<th>Date
</th>
<th>Distribution medium
</th>
<th>Architecture
</th>
<th>Basis
</th>
<th>Notes
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>0.8
</td>
<td>October 12, 1988
</td>
<td><a href="Magneto-optical_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Magneto-optical disc">MO disc</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">m68k</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="9">4.3BSD-Tahoe
</td>
<td>NeXTStep <a href="Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Digital Webster</a>, <a href="Shakespeare_bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare bibliography">Complete Works</a> of William Shakespeare, <a href="Netboot" class="mw-redirect" title="Netboot">netboot</a>, <a href="Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>0.8a
</td>
<td>1988
</td>
<td>MO disc
</td>
<td>m68k
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>0.9
</td>
<td>1988
</td>
<td>MO disc
</td>
<td>m68k
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chiclassiccomp.org/docs/content/computing/NeXT/NeXT%200.9-1.0%20Release%20Description.pdf">NeXT 0.9/1.0 Release Description</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1.0
</td>
<td>1989
</td>
<td>MO disc
</td>
<td>m68k
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1.0a
</td>
<td>1989
</td>
<td>MO disc
</td>
<td>m68k
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/peterl/4413071416/in/pool-next/">Photo of NeXTSTEP 1.0a MO disc</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2.0
</td>
<td>September 18, 1990
</td>
<td>MO disc, CD-ROM
</td>
<td>m68k
</td>
<td>Support for the <a href="NeXTstation" title="NeXTstation">NeXTstation</a>, <a href="NeXTcube" title="NeXTcube">NeXTcube</a> (<a href="Motorola_68040" title="Motorola 68040">68040</a>). Support for <a href="Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a>, <a href="CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>, <a href="Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modems</a>, and <a href="Framebuffer#History" title="Framebuffer">color graphics</a>. Workspace Manager now has the Shelf, copies performed in background, black hole is replaced by recycler icon. Terminal.app. Dynamic loading of drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-info_taken_from_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-info_taken_from-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lDX0O_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lDX0O-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2.1
</td>
<td>March 25, 1991
</td>
<td>MO disc, CD-ROM
</td>
<td>m68k
</td>
<td>Support for the <a href="NeXTdimension" title="NeXTdimension">NeXTdimension</a> board. <a href="TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a>, internationalization improvements. New machines with 2.1 include <a href="Lotus_Improv" title="Lotus Improv">Lotus Improv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-info_taken_from_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-info_taken_from-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2.1a
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>MO disc, CD-ROM
</td>
<td>m68k
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2.2
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>CD-ROM
</td>
<td>m68k
</td>
<td>Support for the <a href="NeXTstation" title="NeXTstation">NeXTstation</a> Turbo
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3.0
</td>
<td>September 8, 1992<sup id="cite_ref-lTNnb_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lTNnb-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>CD-ROM
</td>
<td>m68k
</td>
<td rowspan="8">4.3BSD-Reno
</td>
<td><a href="Project_Builder" title="Project Builder">Project Builder</a>, <a href="3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> support with <a href="RenderMan_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="RenderMan (software)">Interactive RenderMan</a>, <a href="Pantone#Pantone_Color_Matching_System" title="Pantone">Pantone colors</a>, <a href="PostScript#PostScript_Level_2" title="PostScript">PostScript Level 2</a>, <a href="Object_Linking_and_Embedding" title="Object Linking and Embedding">Object Linking and Embedding</a>, <a href="Distributed_object" title="Distributed object">Distributed Objects</a>, <a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a> Kit, <a href="Phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Phone">Phone</a> Kit, <a href="Full_text_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Full text search">Indexing Kit</a>, <a href="Precompiled_headers" class="mw-redirect" title="Precompiled headers">precompiled headers</a>, <a href="Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a>, <a href="AppleTalk" title="AppleTalk">AppleTalk</a>, and <a href="Novell_NetWare" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell NetWare">Novell NetWare</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3.1
</td>
<td>May 25, 1993
</td>
<td>CD-ROM
</td>
<td>m68k, i386
</td>
<td>First release for the <a href="I386" title="I386">i386</a> architecture, introducing <a href="Fat_binary#NeXT's/Apple's_multi-architecture_binaries" title="Fat binary">fat binaries</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3.2
</td>
<td>October 1993
</td>
<td>CD-ROM
</td>
<td>m68k, i386
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3.3
</td>
<td>February 1995
</td>
<td>CD-ROM
</td>
<td>m68k, i386, SPARC, PA-RISC
</td>
<td>Support for the <a href="PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a> and <a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> architectures added, introducing Quad-fat Binaries. Last and most popular version released under the name NEXTSTEP. Referred to as NEXTSTEP/m68k, NEXTSTEP/Intel, NEXTSTEP/SPARC. NEXTSTEP/PA-RISC
<p>Delivered on 2 CDs: NeXTSTEP <a href="Complex_instruction_set_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex instruction set computing">CISC</a> and NeXTSTEP <a href="Reduced_instruction_set_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced instruction set computing">RISC</a>. The Developer CD includes libraries for all <a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">architectures</a>, so that programs can be <a href="Cross_compiler" title="Cross compiler">cross-compiled</a> on any architecture for all architectures.
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4.0 beta
</td>
<td>1996
</td>
<td>CD-ROM
</td>
<td>m68k, i386, SPARC, PA-RISC
</td>
<td>Very different user interface.<sup id="cite_ref-jjuNf_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jjuNf-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbXWx_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbXWx-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable as being a precursor of many ideas later introduced in the <a href="Dock_(macOS)" title="Dock (macOS)">macOS Dock</a>.
<p>Allegedly dropped due to complaints of having to re-teach users but not for technical reasons (the new UI worked well in the beta).
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4.0
</td>
<td>July 1996
</td>
<td>CD-ROM
</td>
<td>m68k, i386, SPARC
</td>
<td>Support for the <a href="PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a> architecture dropped. Support for <a href="M68k" class="mw-redirect" title="M68k">m68k</a>, <a href="I486" title="I486">i486</a>, and <a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> architectures. Initial Release of <a href="OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a> for <a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4.1
</td>
<td>January 1997
</td>
<td>CD-ROM
</td>
<td>m68k, i386, SPARC
</td>
<td>Support for m68k, i486, and SPARC architectures, and OpenStep for Windows, under OPENSTEP Enterprise (NT only).
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4.2 Pre-release 2
</td>
<td>September 1997
</td>
<td>CD-ROM
</td>
<td>m68k, i386, SPARC
</td>
<td>Pre-release 2 circulated to limited number of developers before <a href="OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a> and Apple acquisition.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a>
</td>
<td>August 31, 1997&nbsp;– October 27, 2000
</td>
<td>CD-ROM
</td>
<td>i386, PowerPC
</td>
<td>4.4BSD
</td>
<td>Released after the <a href="NeXT#1996–2006:_Acquisition_by_Apple" title="NeXT">Apple acquisition</a>, these are arguably closer to NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP than to <a href="Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a>. For example, they can still be used as remote display via NXHost.<sup id="cite_ref-AIhBb_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIhBb-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Versions up to 4.1 are general releases. OPENSTEP 4.2 pre-release 2 is a bug-fix release published by Apple and supported for five years after its September 1997 release.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Bundle_(macOS)" title="Bundle (macOS)">Bundle (macOS)</a>, from NeXTSTEP to macOS</li>
<li><a href="Miller_Columns" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller Columns">Miller Columns</a>, the method of directory browsing that NeXTSTEP's File Viewer uses</li>
<li><a href="NeXT_character_set" title="NeXT character set">NeXT character set</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openstep.bfx.re/">NeXTSTEP Installation Guide</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nextcomputers.org">NeXTComputers.org</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j02b8Fuz73A"><span class="">Video of Steve Jobs Demoing NeXTSTEP Release 3</span></a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1989-03/1989_03_BYTE_14-03_Mac_Supplement_286_vs_386sx_Object_Oriented_Programming#page/n343/mode/2up">The Next Step</a> BYTE Magazine 14–03, Object Oriented Programming with NextStep</li></ul>
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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NeXT290" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="NeXT290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporate directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a></li>
<li><a href="Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Patrick_Crecine" title="John Patrick Crecine">John Patrick Crecine</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Team members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Susan_Barnes_(computing)" title="Susan Barnes (computing)">Susan Barnes</a></li>
<li><a href="George_Crow" title="George Crow">George Crow</a></li>
<li><a href="Joanna_Hoffman" title="Joanna Hoffman">Joanna Hoffman</a></li>
<li><a href="Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a></li>
<li><a href="Susan_Kare" title="Susan Kare">Susan Kare</a></li>
<li><a href="Rich_Page" title="Rich Page">Rich Page</a></li>
<li><a href="Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a></li>
<li><a href="Bud_Tribble" title="Bud Tribble">Bud Tribble</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer">NeXT Computer</a></li>
<li><a href="NeXTcube" title="NeXTcube">NeXTcube</a></li>
<li><a href="NeXTcube_Turbo" title="NeXTcube Turbo">NeXTcube Turbo</a></li>
<li><a href="NeXTstation" title="NeXTstation">NeXTstation</a></li>
<li><a href="NeXTdimension" title="NeXTdimension">NeXTdimension</a></li>
<li><a href="NeXT_MegaPixel_Display" title="NeXT MegaPixel Display">NeXT MegaPixel Display</a></li>
<li><a href="NeXT_Laser_Printer" title="NeXT Laser Printer">NeXT Laser Printer</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a></li>
<li><a href="Enterprise_Objects_Framework" title="Enterprise Objects Framework">EOF</a></li>
<li><a href="WebObjects" title="WebObjects">WebObjects</a></li>
<li><a href="Interface_Builder" title="Interface Builder">Interface Builder</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NeXT" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:NeXT">Commons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers622" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers622" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and <a href="Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="Unix_architecture" title="Unix architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Filesystem</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_Unix" title="History of Unix">History</a></li>
<li><a href="Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="Unix_security" title="Unix security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Shell</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br>systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a></li>
<li><a href="NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></li>
<li><a href="OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li>
<li><a href="DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a>
<ul><li><a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></li>
<li><a href="AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li>
<li><a href="IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li>
<li><a href="TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li>
<li><a href="WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li>
<li><a href="BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="DYNIX" title="DYNIX">DYNIX</a></i></li>
<li><i></i></li>
<li><i><a href="SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li>
<li><a href="Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch</a></li>
<li><a href="ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li>
<li><a href="Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a></li>
<li><a href="Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></li>
<li><a href="Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></li>
<li><a href="Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat</a></li>
<li><a href="Slackware" title="Slackware">Slackware</a></li>
<li><a href="SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a></li>
<li><a href="Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Other distributions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></i></li>
<li><a href="IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a></li>
<li><a href="HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a></li>
<li><i><a href="IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a></i></li>
<li><a href="OpenServer" title="OpenServer">OpenServer</a></li>
<li><a href="Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Illumos" title="Illumos">Illumos</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="UnixWare" title="UnixWare">UnixWare</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Coherent_(operating_system)" title="Coherent (operating system)">Coherent</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Domain/OS" title="Domain/OS">Domain/OS</a></li>
<li><a href="GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>
<ul><li><a href="GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="LynxOS" title="LynxOS">LynxOS</a></li>
<li><a href="Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a></li>
<li><i><a href="MOS_(operating_system)" title="MOS (operating system)">MOS</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="OSF/1" title="OSF/1">OSF/1</a></i></li>
<li><a href="QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a></i></li>
<li><a href="SerenityOS" title="SerenityOS">SerenityOS</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a></i></li>
<li><a href="List_of_Unix_systems" title="List of Unix systems">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility<br>layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a></li>
<li><a href="Darling_(software)" title="Darling (software)">Darling</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Eunice_(software)" title="Eunice (software)">Eunice</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="OpenVMS#Cross_platform_compatibility" title="OpenVMS">GNV</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">Microsoft POSIX subsystem</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="MKS_Toolkit" title="MKS Toolkit">MKS Toolkit</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="IBM_i#PASE" title="IBM i">PASE</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="P.I.P.S." title="P.I.P.S.">P.I.P.S.</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="PWS/VSE-AF" class="mw-redirect" title="PWS/VSE-AF">PWS/VSE-AF</a></i></li>
<li><a href="UNIX_System_Services" title="UNIX System Services">UNIX System Services</a></li>
<li><a href="UserLAnd_Technologies" title="UserLAnd Technologies">UserLAnd Technologies</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate discontinued systems. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Unix">Commons</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems_by_Apple405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Operating_systems_by_Apple405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Operating systems by <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, <a href="Apple_III" title="Apple III">III</a>, <a href="Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>
<ul><li><a href="Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a></li>
<li><a href="Apple_ProDOS" title="Apple ProDOS">ProDOS</a></li>
<li><a href="Apple_GS/OS" title="Apple GS/OS">GS/OS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Apple_III" title="Apple III">Apple III</a>
<ul><li><a href="Apple_SOS" title="Apple SOS">SOS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a>
<ul><li><a href="Apple_Lisa#Software" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa OS</a></li>
<li><a href="MacWorks_XL" title="MacWorks XL">MacWorks</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">Mac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="System_1" title="System 1">System 1</a></li>
<li><a href="Classic_Mac_OS#System_1,_2,_3,_and_4" title="Classic Mac OS">Systems 2, 3, and 4</a></li>
<li><a href="Classic_Mac_OS#System_Software_5" title="Classic Mac OS">System 5</a></li>
<li><a href="System_6" title="System 6">System 6</a></li>
<li><a href="System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a></li>
<li><a href="Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Core
<ul><li><a href="Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a>
<ul><li><a href="XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Desktop
<ul><li>Mac OS X
<ul><li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 (Cheetah)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 (Puma)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li></ul></li>
<li>OS X
<ul><li><a href="OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li>
<li><a href="OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li>
<li><a href="OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li>
<li><a href="OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul></li>
<li>macOS
<ul><li><a href="MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">10.12 Sierra</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Tahoe" title="MacOS Tahoe">26 Tahoe</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a>
<ul><li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Shipped
<ul><li><a href="A/ROSE" title="A/ROSE">A/ROSE</a></li>
<li><a href="A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></li>
<li><a href="AIX_for_Apple_Network_Servers" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX for Apple Network Servers">AIX for Apple Network Servers</a></li>
<li><a href="Macintosh_Application_Environment" title="Macintosh Application Environment">MAE</a></li>
<li><a href="MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerOpen_Environment" title="PowerOpen Environment">PowerOpen Environment</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Cancelled
<ul><li><a href="Star_Trek_project" title="Star Trek project">Star Trek</a></li>
<li><a href="Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li>
<li><a href="Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a>
<ul><li><a href="Nukernel" title="Nukernel">Nukernel</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Vanguard_(microkernel)" title="Vanguard (microkernel)">Vanguard</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>iPhone OS
<ul><li><a href="IPhone_OS_1" title="IPhone OS 1">1</a></li>
<li><a href="IPhone_OS_2" title="IPhone OS 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="IPhone_OS_3" title="IPhone OS 3">3</a></li></ul></li>
<li>iOS
<ul><li><a href="IOS_4" title="IOS 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_5" title="IOS 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_6" title="IOS 6">6</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_7" title="IOS 7">7</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_8" title="IOS 8">8</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_9" title="IOS 9">9</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_10" title="IOS 10">10</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_11" title="IOS 11">11</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_12" title="IOS 12">12</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_13" title="IOS 13">13</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_14" title="IOS 14">14</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_15" title="IOS 15">15</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_16" title="IOS 16">16</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_17" title="IOS 17">17</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_18" title="IOS 18">18</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_26" title="IOS 26">26</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="IPadOS_13" title="IPadOS 13">13</a></li>
<li><a href="IPadOS_14" title="IPadOS 14">14</a></li>
<li><a href="IPadOS_15" title="IPadOS 15">15</a></li>
<li><a href="IPadOS_16" title="IPadOS 16">16</a></li>
<li><a href="IPadOS_17" title="IPadOS 17">17</a></li>
<li><a href="IPadOS_18" title="IPadOS 18">18</a></li>
<li><a href="IPadOS_26" title="IPadOS 26">26</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li>
<li><a href="VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li>
<li><a href="WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li>
<li><a href="AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li>
<li><a href="BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Newton_OS" title="Newton OS">Newton OS</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_iTunes#Devices" title="History of iTunes">iPod software</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <a href="List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">List</a> • <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Darwin-derived_operating_systems463" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Darwin-derived_operating_systems463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a>-<a href="Darwin_(operating_system)#Derived_projects" title="Darwin (operating system)">derived</a> <a href="List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a></li>
<li><a href="Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></li>
<li><a href="Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a>
<ul><li><a href="GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li>
<li><a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Mac OS X
<ul><li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 (Cheetah)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 (Puma)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li></ul></li>
<li>OS X
<ul><li><a href="OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li>
<li><a href="OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li>
<li><a href="OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li>
<li><a href="OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul></li>
<li>macOS
<ul><li><a href="MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">macOS 10.12 Sierra</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li>
<li><a href="MacOS_Tahoe" title="MacOS Tahoe">26 Tahoe</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server" title="Mac OS X Server">Mac OS X<br>Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">1.0 (Hera)</a>
<ul><li><a href="Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.0">10.0 (Cheetah)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.1">10.1 (Puma)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.2">10.2 (Jaguar)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.3" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.3">10.3 (Panther)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.4" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.4">10.4 (Tiger)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.5" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.5">10.5 Leopard Server</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.6" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.6">10.6 Snow Leopard Server</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Apple_TV_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software">TV Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Apple_TV_Software_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 1">1</a></li>
<li><a href="Apple_TV_Software_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="Apple_TV_Software_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 3">3</a></li>
<li>Forks from iOS with 4</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>iPhone OS
<ul><li><a href="IPhone_OS_1" title="IPhone OS 1">1</a></li>
<li><a href="IPhone_OS_2" title="IPhone OS 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="IPhone_OS_3" title="IPhone OS 3">3</a></li></ul></li>
<li>iOS
<ul><li><a href="IOS_4" title="IOS 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_5" title="IOS 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_6" title="IOS 6">6</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_7" title="IOS 7">7</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_8" title="IOS 8">8</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_9" title="IOS 9">9</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_10" title="IOS 10">10</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_11" title="IOS 11">11</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_12" title="IOS 12">12</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_13" title="IOS 13">13</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_14" title="IOS 14">14</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_15" title="IOS 15">15</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_16" title="IOS 16">16</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_17" title="IOS 17">17</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_18" title="IOS 18">18</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_26" title="IOS 26">26</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>TV Software
<ul><li><a href="Apple_TV_Software_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="Apple_TV_Software_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="Apple_TV_Software_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 6">6</a></li>
<li><a href="Apple_TV_Software_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 7">7</a></li></ul></li>
<li>tvOS
<ul><li><a href="TvOS_9" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 9">9</a></li>
<li><a href="TvOS_10" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 10">10</a></li>
<li><a href="TvOS_11" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 11">11</a></li>
<li><a href="TvOS_12" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 12">12</a></li>
<li><a href="TvOS_13" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 13">13</a></li>
<li><a href="TvOS_14" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 14">14</a></li>
<li><a href="TvOS_15" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 15">15</a></li>
<li><a href="TvOS_16" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 16">16</a></li>
<li><a href="TvOS_17" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 17">17</a></li>
<li><a href="TvOS_18" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 18">18</a></li>
<li><a href="TvOS_26" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 26">26</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="audioOS11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AudioOS_13" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 13">13.4</a></li>
<li>14</li>
<li>15</li>
<li>16</li>
<li>17</li>
<li>18</li>
<li>26</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="WatchOS_1" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 1">1</a></li>
<li><a href="WatchOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="WatchOS_3" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 3">3</a></li>
<li><a href="WatchOS_4" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="WatchOS_5" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="WatchOS_6" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 6">6</a></li>
<li><a href="WatchOS_7" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 7">7</a></li>
<li><a href="WatchOS_8" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 8">8</a></li>
<li><a href="WatchOS_9" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 9">9</a></li>
<li><a href="WatchOS_10" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 10">10</a></li>
<li><a href="WatchOS_11" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 11">11</a></li>
<li><a href="WatchOS_26" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 26">26</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="bridgeOS12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="BridgeOS_1" class="mw-redirect" title="BridgeOS 1">1</a></li>
<li><a href="BridgeOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="BridgeOS 2">2</a></li>
<li>26</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AudioOS_11" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 11">11</a></li>
<li><a href="AudioOS_12" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 12">12</a></li>
<li><a href="AudioOS_13" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 13">13</a></li>
<li>Forks from tvOS with 13.4</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="IPadOS_13" title="IPadOS 13">13</a></li>
<li><a href="IPadOS_14" title="IPadOS 14">14</a></li>
<li><a href="IPadOS_15" title="IPadOS 15">15</a></li>
<li><a href="IPadOS_16" title="IPadOS 16">16</a></li>
<li><a href="IPadOS_17" title="IPadOS 17">17</a></li>
<li><a href="IPadOS_18" title="IPadOS 18">18</a></li>
<li><a href="IPadOS_26" title="IPadOS 26">26</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="visionOS12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="VisionOS_1" class="mw-redirect" title="VisionOS 1">1</a></li>
<li><a href="VisionOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="VisionOS 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="VisionOS_26" class="mw-redirect" title="VisionOS 26">26</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Apple<br>distributions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="OpenDarwin" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDarwin">OpenDarwin</a></li>
<li><a href="PureDarwin" class="mw-redirect" title="PureDarwin">PureDarwin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">macOS version history</a></li>
<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server version history">Mac OS X Server version history</a></li>
<li><a href="TvOS_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS version history">tvOS version history</a></li>
<li><a href="IOS_version_history" title="IOS version history">iOS version history</a></li>
<li><a href="IPadOS_version_history" title="IPadOS version history">iPadOS version history</a></li>
<li><a href="WatchOS_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS version history">watchOS version history</a></li>
<li><a href="AudioOS_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS version history">audioOS version history</a><br><i>Italics</i> denote upcoming products</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831367#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata671" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831367#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata671" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/185163749">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4309098-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91092798">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007365089805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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